A nominal sentence begins with the subject (noun or pronoun) and not a verb.

.هُوَ من كندا

He is from Canada.
In Arabic, there is no verb “to be” (is, are, …). That is implied in
the rest of the sentence. This sentence has a subject (He) and
predicate (Canada). The predicate may be an adjective or prepositional
phrase, instead of a noun.

.هُوَ ذَكي

He is intelligent.
Here, the subject is “he” and the predicate is “intelligent”.

.أنا في الحديقة

I am in the park.
In this sentence, the subject is “I” and the predicate is “in the park”.

Welcome - مَرحَباً (marhaban)
Hello - أهلاً (ah’halan)
Hello and welcome - أهلاً و سُلاً (ah’halan wa salaam)
Welcome to you (reply) - (أهلاً بِك (بِكِ (ah’halan bik; ah’halan biki)
Peace be upon you - أسَّلامُ عَليكُم (ah’salaamu ah’leeokum)
And peace be upon you (reply) - و عَليكُم السلام (wa ah’leeokum a’salaam)
Pleased to meet you - تَشَرْفنا (tashrafna)

Long vowels

Three of the 28 letters in Arabic may function as vowels:
ا - alif
The ا sounds like “a”, like the first “a” in “Pakistan”.
و - waw
The و sounds like “u”, as in “Utah”.
ي - ya
The ي sounds like “ee”, as in “Cheese”.
These three vowels are all long vowels, which have elongated pronunciation.

Short vowels

There are also three short vowels, pronounced similarly to the three long vowels.
Fatha is denoted with a mark above a letter. It is pronounced like ا or like the “a” in “hat”.
كَلب (kilehb) - dog
Damma is denoted with a mark above a letter. It is pronounced like the vowels in “boot”.
فُندُق (funduq) - hotel
Kasra is denoted with a mark below a letter. It is pronounced like the vowels in “feet”.
كِتاب (kitab) - book

Arabic has 28 letters:

ا	alif
ب	ba
ت	ta
ث	tha
ج	gim (jeem)
ح	ha
خ	kha
د	dal
ذ	thal
ر	ra	roll the r, like in Spanish
ز	za
س	sin (seen)
ش	sheen
ص	sod
ض	dod
ط	ta	pronounce “t” heavier than for ت
ظ	tha	pronounce “tha” heavier and like “that”
ع	ayn
غ	gayn
ف	fa
ق	qaf	pronounce “qa” like “ka”, but heavier than ك
ك	kaf
ل	lam
م	mim
ن	nun (noon)
ه	ha
و	waw (wow)	can be consonant “w” or vowel “u”
ي	ya	can be consonant “y” or vowel “ee”

The letters often vary in how they are written, depending on their position in a word or sentence.
For example, look at the س
طقس - weather, pronounced “taqs” or “tox”
سيارة - car, pronounced “sayyarra”
س - unconnected letter